Multiple Myeloma: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

What is multiple myeloma?

Multiple myeloma is a rare type of blood cancer that develops in the bone marrow when plasma cells become malignant. These myeloma cells produce excessive abnormal proteins that can damage the kidneys and destroy bone tissue, leading to bone pain, fractures, and elevated calcium levels. The disease most often affects people over 65 and is somewhat more common in men and in first-degree relatives of patients.

Why it develops

Myeloma begins when genetic changes transform normal plasma cells into cancerous ones. These mutations arise spontaneously within the tumour cells rather than being inherited. The abnormal cells multiply uncontrollably and produce monoclonal (M) proteins that — unlike normal antibodies — do not help the body fight infection.

Symptomatic and smouldering myeloma

There are two main forms. Symptomatic (active) myeloma causes bone pain, frequent infections, anaemia, and fatigue, and requires treatment. Smouldering myeloma shows M-protein in the blood but no symptoms; it is monitored regularly and may, over time, progress to active disease.

Treatment options

Treatment usually combines several medicines — a proteasome inhibitor, an immunomodulatory drug, and a corticosteroid — sometimes with an added targeted antibody. Autologous stem cell transplantation is a common and important treatment for multiple myeloma: the patient's own blood stem cells are used to rebuild the bone marrow after high-dose chemotherapy, which can significantly extend remission.

Additional therapies

Radiation therapy may be used for an isolated plasmacytoma, and surgery can address bone fractures or spinal complications. The best plan depends on the patient's overall fitness, organ function, disease stage, and the supportive care available. A multidisciplinary team tailors treatment to each individual.

This article is for general information only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Always consult a qualified specialist about your individual condition.