Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): What It Is and How It's Diagnosed

What is acute myeloid leukemia?

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a blood cancer that begins in the bone marrow and prevents immature myeloid cells (blasts) from maturing into healthy blood cells. This abnormal build-up reduces the production of red blood cells, platelets, and mature white blood cells. A diagnosis generally requires at least 20% myeloblasts in the marrow or blood.

How AML is diagnosed

Diagnosis relies on comprehensive testing: bone marrow biopsy, blood counts and chemistry panels, and cytogenetic (genetic) analysis. Genetic and biomarker testing identifies the AML subtype and guides targeted treatment. Specialists also examine samples by microscopy and flow cytometry to classify the leukemia precisely.

HLA typing for transplant

HLA typing determines tissue compatibility between a patient and potential stem cell donors by comparing protein markers on cells. This step is essential before allogeneic transplantation, which offers curative potential for eligible patients. Relatives — often up to around age 80 — may be screened as possible donors.

Further tests and treatment

Additional imaging and a lumbar puncture may be performed if leukemia has spread beyond the blood to organs or the central nervous system. For many patients, bone marrow transplantation is a key treatment option, offering the possibility of long-term remission by replacing diseased marrow with healthy donor cells.

This article is for general information only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Always consult a qualified specialist about your individual condition.